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Latin Symbols in Physics & Chemistry (items in bold are vectors)

a	acceleration (m/s2)
A	ampere (S.I. unit of current, fundamental)
A	amplitude (typically m)
B	magnetic field (T)
B	bulk modulus (N/m2)
c	specific heat capacity (J/(kg*K))
c	speed of light (m/s)
C	molar heat capacity (J/(mol*K))
C	coulomb (S.I. unit of charge = A*s)
cal	calorie (non-S.I. unit of energy = 4.186 J)
Cal	Calorie or kcal (non-S.I. unit of energy = 4186 J)
d	distance (m)
dB	decibels (non-S.I. unit of intensity)
e	magnitude of charge of an electron (C)
e	efficiency (dimensionless)
eV	electron-Volt (non-S.I. unit of energy = 1.60E-19 J)
E	energy (J)
E	electric field (N/C)
f	frequency (Hz. or s-1)
f	friction force (N)
f	focal length (m)
F	force (N)
F	farad, S.I. unit of capacitance = A2*s4/(kg*m2)
g	magnitude of free fall acceleration ≈ 9.80 m/s2
g	gram (non-S.I. unit of mass = 0.001 kg)
G	universal gravitational constant
h	Plank’s constant (6.63E-34 J*s)
h	height (m)
Hz	hertz, S.I. unit of frequency = s-1
i, I	current (A)
I	moment of inertia, kg*m2
I	intensity, W/m2
j	current density, A/m2
j	impulse, kg*m/s
J	joule, S.I. unit of energy = kg*m2/s2
k	Boltzmann’s constant, J/K
k	spring constant, N/m
k	thermal conductivity, W/(m*K)
k	wave number, rad/m
kg	kilogram, S.I. unit of mass, fundamental
K	kelvin, S.I. unit of temperature, fundamental
K	kinetic energy, J
l	length, m
L	liter, non-S.I. unit of volume
L	latent heat, J/kg
L	angular momentum (J*s)
m	mass, kg
m	meter (S.I. unit of distance)
n	index of refraction (dimensionless)
n	number of moles
N	number of particles
N	newton (S.I. unit of force = kg*m/s2)
N	normal force (N)
NA	Avogadro’s number
p	momentum (kg*m/s)
p, P	pressure (Pa = N/m2 = kg/(m*s2)
P	power (W)
q, Q	charge (C)
Q	heat (J)
r	radius variable (m)
R	fixed radius (m)
R	ideal gas constant (8.31 J/(mol*K))
R	resistance (Ω)
s	seconds (S.I. unit of time)
s	generic position, could be x, y, or z (m)
S	entropy (J/K)
t	time (s)
T	period (s)
T	temperature (K)
T	tension force (N)
T	tesla (S.I. unit of magnetic field)
u	atomic mass unit, non-S.I. unit of mass
u	energy density (J/m3)
U	potential energy (J)
v, v	velocity, speed (m/s)
V	volt (S.I. unit of potential)
V	potential (V)
V	voltage or potential difference (V), more correctly written as ΔV
V	volume (m3)
w, W	weight force (N)
W	watt (S.I. unit of power = kg*m2/s3)
W	work (J)
x	Cartesian coordinate (m)
y	Cartesian coordinate (m)
Y	Young’s modulus (N/m2)
z	Cartesian coordinate (m)

                          Greek Symbols

α	alpha	angular acceleration (rad/s2)
α	alpha	temperature coefficient of linear expansion (K-1)
β	beta	temperature coefficient of volume expansion (K-1)
γ	gamma	ratio of heat capacities (dimensionless)
γ	gamma	relativistic gamma factor (dimensionless)
Γ	gamma (capital)
δ	delta	instantaneous change
Δ	delta (capital)	finite change
ε	epsilon	permittivity
ζ	zeta
η	eta	efficiency (dimensionless)
θ	theta	angle (rad)
Θ	theta (capital)
ι	iota
κ	kappa	dielectric constant (dimensionless)
λ	lambda	wavelength (m)
Λ	lambda (capital)
μ	mu	coefficient of friction (dimensionless)
ν	nu
ξ	xi
Ξ	xi (capital)
π	pi	circumference/diameter ratio (dimensionless)
Π	pi (capital)	series product
ρ	rho	density (kg/m3)
ρ	rho	resistivity (Ω*m)
σ	sigma	Stefan-Boltzmann constant
Σ	sigma (capital)	series summation
τ	tau	torque (N x m)
τ	tau	time constant (s)
υ	upsilon
φ	phi	angle (rad)
Φ	phi (capital)
χ	chi
ψ	psi	psychic power (W)
ψ	psi	wave function (dimensionless)
Ψ	psi (capital)	wave function (dimensionless)
ω	omega	angular velocity (rad/s)
Ω	omega (capital)	ohms (S.I. unit of resistance = V/A)

                             Common Subscripts

av or ave	average
c	cold
f	final
h	hot
i	initial
max	maximum
min	minimum
0	initial
rms	root mean square
th	thermal
tot	total

                                  

Flash Chromatography

What is Flash Chromatography?

Simple Definition

Flash Chromatography is a rapid form of preparative column chromatography based on optimised pre-packed columns through which is pumped solvent at a high flow rate. It is a simple and economical approach to Preparative LC.

The technique was published in the Journal of Organic Chemistry in 1978 as an alternative to simple column chromatography.

Suitability

For purifying organic compounds, flash chromatography is a quick and inexpensive technique. Initially developed in 1978 by W.C. Stills of Columbia University, flash chromatography is now a popular method of purification and separation using normal phases. Increasingly, the use of reverse phase packing materials is opening up the technique to a wider range of preparative separations.

Flash chromatography utilises a plastic column filled with some form of solid support, usually silica gel, with the sample to be separated placed on top of this support. The rest of the column is filled with an isocratic or gradient solvent which, with the help of pressure, enables the sample to run through the column and become separated. Flash chromatography used air pressure initially, but today pumps are used to speed up the separation. This technique is considered a low to medium-pressure technique and may be scaled up for separations from a few mg to many tens or hundreds of grammes.

Applications

There are many varied applications of flash chromatography including drug discovery, sample clean-up, natural product purification and many more.

Column chromatography

ENGLISH VOCABULARY

                                       VOCABULARY

                                                                    

All students of Pharmacy are hereby kindly informed that you’ll get 15 english ,daily usage ,words in a weak in sum up 60-70 chosen words in every month. So please write all words which will posted be at the notice board. After completing a month, you will have to create an ARTICLE, a POEM, a STORY or anything you please, but only using of those selected words.   It is your responsibility to write all words in time, no any excuses will be submitted by you.

       Co-operate and attention are required.

Some mandate words are here----

1. Alienate  -  पराया करना (Unfriendly or unsympathetic)

 2. Arrogant    अभिमानी   (Proudy behaviour)

3. Calender     दबाना        (to press paper,cloth etc.)  

4. Corpse   जनाज़ा, लाश  (dead body)                   

5. Complacent आत्मतुष्ट (self satisfied)         

6. Compliment नमस्कार,प्रशंसा (regards,abhinandan)  

7. Defy        ललकारना , अवहेलना करना (challenge)       

8. Damn        निन्दा      (condemn or cry down)

9. Hiccup       हिचकी    (repeated sharp sounds in throat)

10. Snore        खर्राटा       (a loud noise each time of breathing)

11. Snooze      दिन में झपकी लेना  (a short,light sleep,especially during the day)

12. Sneeze       छींकना          (a sudden and noisily blow from nose)

13. Deference   सम्मान     (respect) 

14. Descent   वंश, उतार     (coming down) 

15. Emerge  उभरना